DeepBottle

Sabin, Florence Rena

2005-11-18T11:25:00.000-08:00

Sabin was educated in Denver, Colorado, and in Vermont and graduated from Smith College in Massachusetts, in 1893. After teaching in Denver and at Smith to earn tuition money, she entered

Breasted, James Henry

2005-10-16T08:15:00.000-07:00

After graduate studies at Yale and Berlin, Breasted began teaching Egyptology at the University of Chicago in 1894. He compiled a record of every known Egyptian hieroglyphic inscription and

Philadelphia

2005-07-27T11:00:00.000-07:00

Philadelphia has been described either as the elegant but rather jaded great lady or as the overage and sickly spinster of American cities. A more realistic look at Philadelphia, however, shows it to be a very

Pitcher, Molly

2005-07-25T16:15:00.000-07:00

Molly Pitcher first enters the historical record in 1778. Her original surname is unknown, though she is thought to have been Irish. Military records indicate that her first husband, William Hays, enlisted as a gunner in a Pennsylvania artillery regiment in 1777. The nickname

Hellenistic Age, Science and medicine

2005-07-23T05:00:00.000-07:00

The three great areas of Hellenistic scholarship were medicine, astronomy, and mathematics. Alexandria attracted Herophilus (fl. 3rd century BC) from Chalcedon, who refused to stand in awe of the accepted medical dogmas and was distinguished in systematic anatomy, and the notable physiologist Erasistratus (fl. 3rd century BC) from Ceos, who realized that the heart is the

Durfort Family

2005-07-08T02:25:00.000-07:00

The family, which can be traced back to the 11th century, claims as a member Guy Aldonce I de Durfort (1605–65), Marquis de Duras, who raised three famous sons: Jacques Henri I (1625–1704), marshal of France (1675) and Duke de Duras (1689); Guy Aldonce II (1630–1702), marshal of France (1676) and Duke de Quintin (1691); and Louis (1638–1709), who went to England and became 2nd Earl of Feversham

Photosynthesis, The pathway of electrons

2005-07-06T06:55:00.000-07:00

The general features of a widely accepted mechanism for photoelectron transfer, in which two light reactions occur during the transfer of electrons from water to carbon dioxide, were proposed by Robert Hill and Derek Bendall, in 1960. A modified scheme for this mechanism is shown in Figure 1. In this figure the vertical scale represents the relative potential (in volts)

Graft

2005-06-29T07:00:00.000-07:00

In horticulture, the act of placing a portion of one plant (bud or scion) into or on a stem, root, or branch of another (stock) in such a way that a union will be formed and the partners will continue to grow. This term includes budding (bud grafting) and grafting proper (scion grafting and approach grafting or inarching). Budding and grafting proper differ only in the amount of

Alabama State University

2005-06-03T09:00:00.000-07:00

Public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Montgomery, Alabama, U.S. It is a historically black school, and its enrollment is predominantly African American. Alabama State offers bachelor's and master's degree programs in the schools of Music and Graduate Studies and colleges of Business Administration, Education, and Arts and Sciences. An educational

Arnold, Sir Edwin

2005-06-01T03:25:00.000-07:00

Poet and scholar, best known as the author of The Light of Asia (1879), an epic poem that tells, in elaborate language, of the life and teachings of the Buddha. The Light of the World (1891), on the Christian theme, was less successful. From 1873 Arnold was chief editor of The Daily Telegraph of London. Before joining the Telegraph, he had been principal of

The Peoples Known As Mimi

2005-05-17T18:35:00.000-07:00

The Mimi of Nachtigal and the Mimi of Gaudefroy-Demombynes, both of which speak a Maban language of the Nilo-Saharan language family, are identified by the names of their first investigators—Gustav Nachtigal and Maurice Gaudefroy-Demombynes, respectively. The name Mimi sometimes is applied to a people who call themselves Amdang and are also known as Biltine; although

Paracel Islands

2005-05-13T22:10:00.000-07:00

Wade-Giles romanization Hsi-sha Ch'ün-tao , Pinyin Xisha Qundao , Vietnamese Quan Dao Hoang Sa group of about 130 small coral islands and reefs in the South China Sea. They lie about 250 miles (400 km) east of central Vietnam and about 220 miles (350 km) southeast of Hainan Island, China. Apart from a few isolated, outlying islands (Triton in the south, Lincoln in the east), they are divided into the Amphitrite group in the northeast and the Crescent group in the west. The low, barren islands,

Yana

2005-03-15T23:02:00.000-08:00

There were four Yana divisions - Northern, Central, and Southern Yana, as well as

House Snake

2005-03-14T00:44:00.000-08:00

The house snakes of Africa belong to the genus Boaedon, family Colubridae. They are harmless mouse- and rat-catchers. An example is B. lineatum of eastern Africa, often found in eaves or under mats; it is blackish and usually less than 90 cm (35 inches)

B�hmer, Johann Friedrich

2005-03-11T17:13:00.000-08:00

After studying at the universities of G�ttingen and Heidelberg, B�hmer journeyed to Italy, where he became interested in art history. Upon his return to Frankfurt (1822), he became an assistant librarian

Saimaa, Lake

2005-03-04T02:04:00.000-08:00

Lake in southeastern Finland. It lies just northwest of the Russian border and is northeast of Helsinki. Covering parts of the l��nit (provinces) of Mikkeli and Kymi, it has an area of 443 square miles (1,147 square km) and is the primary lake in the Great Saimaa lake system, which, at 1,690 square miles (4,377 square km), is the largest system in Finland. The lake's two branches extend northward about

Bonaparte, (marie-annonciade-)caroline

2005-03-03T07:57:00.000-08:00

As a result of her ambitious and intriguing nature, her husband became governor of Paris, marshal of France (1804), grand duke of Berg and of Cleves (1806), lieutenant of the emperor in Spain (1803), and king of Naples (1808). Her relations with Napoleon became strained as she associated

The Peoples Known As Mimi

2005-03-02T04:12:00.000-08:00

The Mimi of Nachtigal and the Mimi of Gaudefroy-Demombynes, both of which speak a Maban language of the Nilo-Saharan language family, are identified by the names of their first investigators - Gustav Nachtigal and Maurice Gaudefroy-Demombynes, respectively. The name Mimi sometimes is applied to a people who call themselves Amdang and are also known as Biltine; although

Venezuela, Gulf Of

2005-03-01T02:22:00.000-08:00

Spanish �Golfo De Venezuela, � inlet of the Caribbean Sea in Venezuela and Colombia, extending 75 miles (120 km) north-south and reaching a maximum east-west width of 150 miles (240 km). It is bounded by the Guajira Peninsula on the west and by the Paraguan� Peninsula on the east and is connected with Lake Maracaibo to the south through Tablazo Bay and a channel 35 feet (11 m) deep near the city of Maracaibo. The gulf is surrounded

Piezoelectricity

2005-02-28T19:09:00.000-08:00

Pressure on certain

Seto-guro Ware

2005-02-27T08:45:00.000-08:00

Japanese ceramic ware created at Mino during 1573 - 96. A black ware, it stands in contrast to the contemporary pure-white Shino ware. Seto-guro (�black Seto�) was produced by a process that involved firing the iron-glaze ware in an oxidizing kiln from which it was suddenly removed and immediately cooled. The shade of black achieved was far richer than had been achieved in the earlier

Allied-signal Inc.

2005-02-26T19:20:00.000-08:00

The corporation was formed in 1920 in the consolidation of several chemical manufacturers; the Barrett Company (founded 1903), supplying coal-tar chemicals and roofing; General Chemical Company (founded 1899), specializing in industrial acids; National Aniline

Typology

2005-02-25T11:29:00.000-08:00

System of groupings (such as �landed gentry� or �rain forests�), usually called types, the members of which are identified by postulating specified attributes that are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive - groupings set up to aid demonstration or inquiry by establishing a limited relationship among phenomena. A type may represent one kind of attribute

Furniture, Decorative processes and techniques

2005-02-24T05:58:00.000-08:00

Whether constructional principles are exploited as a motif or elegance of overall shape is stressed through stylization, every piece of furniture can be embellished in one way or another. A piece of furniture may be embellished by effects produced in the structural wood itself or in another kind of wood added to the first; that is, by carving and turning or by inlay

Gadda, Carlo Emilio

2005-02-23T00:42:00.000-08:00

Gadda was educated as an electrical engineer and volunteered in World War I. During the 1920s he worked as an engineer abroad. He began writing in the 1930s and from the first demonstrated

France, History Of, The new regime

2005-02-22T15:24:00.000-08:00

By sweeping away the old web of privileges, the August 4th decree permitted the Assembly to construct a new regime. Since it would take months to draft a constitution, the Assembly on August 27 promulgated its basic principles in a Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. A rallying point for the future, the declaration also stood as the death certificate of

France, History Of, The new regime

2005-02-21T06:31:00.000-08:00

German Literature, The Romantic Movement

2005-02-20T05:17:00.000-08:00

The early years of German Romanticism have been aptly termed the theoretical phase of a movement whose origin can be traced back to the Sturm und Drang era and, beyond Germany itself, to the French philosopher and writer Jean-Jacques Rousseau. An interest in individual liberty and in nature as a source of poetic inspiration is a common thread in the sequence of the

Asante

2005-02-19T18:14:00.000-08:00

Although some Asante now live and work in urban centres,

Ambler, Eric

2005-02-18T07:55:00.000-08:00

Ambler was the son of music-hall entertainers. After studying engineering at London University, he worked as an advertising writer. It was while thus employed that he completed his first novel, The Dark

Essex

2005-02-17T06:38:00.000-08:00

Administrative, geographic, and historic county of eastern England, extending along the North Sea coastline between the Thames and Stour estuaries. The administrative county covers an area within the larger geographic county, which in turn covers a part of the original historic county of Essex. The administrative county comprises 12 districts: Basildon, Braintree

Benedict (xiii)

2005-02-16T06:23:00.000-08:00

Of noble birth, he was professor of canon law at Montpellier University in southern France before he was

Roma

2005-02-15T15:13:00.000-08:00

Town, south-central Queensland, Australia, principal settlement of the Maronoa district, on Bungil Creek. The town, surveyed in 1862 and declared a municipality in 1867, was named after Diamantina Roma Bowen, wife of the state's first governor. Linked to Brisbane (about 315 miles [510 km] east-southeast) by rail, air, and the Carnarvon and Warrego highways, it serves an agricultural and pastoral

Strangford Treaty

2005-02-14T23:55:00.000-08:00

(1810), agreement between the Portuguese government, then in exile in its Brazilian colony, and Great Britain, represented by its ambassador, Lord Strangford. The treaty provided for the importation of British manufactures into Brazil and the exportation of Brazilian agricultural produce to Great Britain; also, British naval vessels were allowed to be resupplied in

Paul Of Thebes, Saint

2005-02-13T17:28:00.000-08:00

According to St. Jerome, his biographer, Paul fled to the Theban desert during the persecution of Christians (249 - 251) under the Roman emperor Decius. Thereafter, he lived a life of prayer and penitence in a cave, dying at the reputed age of 113. Jerome considered

Cyprus, Flag Of

2005-02-12T04:04:00.000-08:00

For centuries Cyprus was part of the Ottoman Empire and flew Turkish flags. By agreement with the Turkish sovereign, however, the British assumed administrative control of the island in 1878 and subsequently flew the Union Jack there. During World War I the island was annexed by the British, and other colonial flags were then introduced. For example, to the British Red

France, History Of, Chlotar II and Dagobert I

2005-02-11T05:04:00.000-08:00

Chlotar II, king of Neustria since 584, took control of Burgundy and Austrasia in 613 upon the brutal execution of Brunhild, and thus a united kingdom once again was created. He fixed his capital at Paris and, in 614, convoked a council there, at which he recognized the traditional prerogatives of the aristocracy (Gallo-Roman and Germanic) in order to gain their support in the governing

Combinatorics, Multinomial coefficients

2005-02-10T08:57:00.000-08:00

If S is a set of n objects, and n1, n2, � � � , nk are non-negative integers satisfying n1 n2 � � � nk = n, then the number of ways in which the objects can be distributed into k boxes, X1, X2, � � � , Xk, such that the box Xi contains exactly ni objects is given in terms of a ratio constructed of factorials (see 4). This number, called a multinomial coefficient, is the coefficient in the multinomial expansion of the nth power of the sum of the

Slavic Languages, Innovations

2005-02-09T10:12:00.000-08:00

Each branch of Slavic originally developed from Proto-Slavic, the ancestral parent language of the group, which in turn developed from an earlier language that was also the antecedent of the Proto-Baltic language. Both Slavic and Baltic share with the eastern Indo-European languages (called satem languages) the same change of Indo-European palatal k and g sounds (consonants

Ashbee, Charles Robert

2005-02-08T09:35:00.000-08:00

After education at Wellington College and King's College, Cambridge, and while actively involved in the social work of Toynbee Hall, Ashbee was articled to the architect

Henner, Jean-jacques

2005-02-06T13:02:00.000-08:00

Henner studied at Strasbourg and at the �cole des Beaux-Arts (�School of Fine

Light, Francis

2005-02-05T16:28:00.000-08:00

Light served in the Royal Navy from 1759 until 1763. In command of a merchant ship, he went in 1771 to the northern Malay state of Kedah, where he won the confidence of the sultan, Mohammed. About that time England,

La Condamine, Charles-marie De

2005-02-04T19:45:00.000-08:00

In 1735 La Condamine joined an expedition sent to Peru to determine the length near the Equator of a degree of the meridian. In 1743 he left the party, traveled from Quito (now in Ecuador), and began a four-month raft journey down to the mouth of

Botsaris, Markos

2005-02-03T01:32:00.000-08:00

Botsaris' early years were spent in the struggle between the Souliots of southern Epirus and Ali Pasa, who had made himself ruler of Io�nnina (Janina) in Epirus in 1788. After Ali Pasa succeeded in capturing the Souliot strongholds in 1803, Botsaris and most of his surviving

Xie Jun

2005-02-02T05:43:00.000-08:00

Cathy Forbes, Meet the Masters (1994), contains a collection of interviews with many notable chess players.

Alabama, The people

2005-02-01T05:27:00.000-08:00

Three-fourths of the state's population is white. The white population is significant for its deep roots in the state: the number of foreign-born residents is very small, and most whites are descendants of 19th-century settlers who came from adjoining regions to the east and north. Black Alabamians have equally deep roots in the state, dating to the days of chattel slavery

Protist

2005-01-31T21:49:00.000-08:00

The protists include all unicellular organisms not included with the prokaryotes. Protists also embrace a number of forms of syncytial (coenocytic) or multicellular composition, generally manifest as filaments, colonies, coenobia (a type of colony with a fixed number of interconnected cells embedded in a common matrix before release from the parental colony),

Layamon

2005-01-30T20:27:00.000-08:00

Layamon describes himself

Waterford Glass

2005-01-29T00:00:00.000-08:00

Heavy cut glassware produced in Waterford, Ire., from 1729. Waterford glass, particularly the early variety, is characterized by thick walls, deeply incised geometric cutting, and brilliant polish. The smoky, bluish gray colour of early Waterford glass was considered a drawback, and a clear crystal was produced after 1830. It is the darkened glass, however, that is most prized

Jackson, Milt

2005-01-28T09:47:00.000-08:00

Jackson began playing the vibraphone (also called vibes or vibraharp) professionally at age 16. He attended Michigan State University and joined Dizzy Gillespie's sextet in 1945; he then worked with Gillespie's big band

Komisarjevsky, Theodore

2005-01-27T11:34:00.000-08:00

Komisarjevsky studied architecture in Russia

Music

2005-01-26T10:52:00.000-08:00

Major pop artists Pink Floyd, the Eagles, the Rolling Stones, Barbra Streisand, and Billy Joel and Elton John (together) undertook tours in 1994, restoring the summer concert business to prosperity after several slow years. Pink Floyd toured in support of The Division Bell, the group's first studio album in seven years. Dramatic, sweeping, and laced with the sonorous guitar

Music

2005-01-25T03:26:00.000-08:00

Selinus

2005-01-24T22:38:00.000-08:00

Selinus was founded in 651 or 628 BC by colonists from Megara Hyblaea and from Megara in Greece. The city got its name from the wild celery (Greek: selinon) that still grows in the locality. It achieved great prosperity in the 5th century BC, when its

Rackets

2005-01-22T09:41:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �Racquets, � game played with a ball and a strung racket in an enclosed court, all four walls of which are used in play. Rackets is played with a hard ball in a relatively large court, usually about 18 m (60 ft) long by 9 m wide - unlike the related game of squash rackets (q.v.), which is played with a soft ball on a smaller court.

Stafford, Jean

2005-01-21T04:02:00.000-08:00

After graduating from the University of Colorado at Boulder (B.A., 1936; M.A., 1936), Stafford studied at Heidelberg University in Germany (1936 - 37). When she returned to the United States and settled in Boston, she painstakingly completed a four-year

Pacific Ocean, Deepwater circulation

2005-01-20T03:39:00.000-08:00

It appears that the most important influence on the vertical circulation of the Pacific is the cold water generated around the Antarctic continent. This dense circumpolar

Hess, Germain Henri

2005-01-19T09:48:00.000-08:00

After practicing medicine for several years in Irkutsk, Russia, Hess became professor of chemistry in 1830 at the Technological Institute, University of St. Petersburg. His early investigations concerned minerals and the natural

Eureka

2005-01-18T16:19:00.000-08:00

Byname of �European Research Agency,� European cooperative organization inaugurated in April 1985 by 18 European nations and formally established with a secretariat in Brussels in 1986. Its purpose is to promote European high-technology industries by linking the efforts of various companies and channeling moneys for their research. The original 18 member nations are the 12 European Community nations (Belgium,

Bukit Fraser

2005-01-17T08:21:00.000-08:00

Formerly �Frasers Hill, � mountain resort in the Main Range, West Malaysia (Malaya). It lies 40 miles (65 km) north of Kuala Lumpur, at an elevation of 4,280 feet (1,305 m). The site was named for Louis James Fraser, a trader and mule-train operator who disappeared in the area in 1916. The hill station, built on seven hills, was surveyed in 1919 and later developed by the Federated Malay States. The resort is reached via Kuala Kubu Baharu

Henne Am Rhyn, Otto

2005-01-16T19:59:00.000-08:00

After studying at the Swiss universities of Bern and Geneva, he taught German, geography, and history at the local school

Scherzo

2005-01-14T21:40:00.000-08:00

Plural �Scherzos, or Scherzi, � in music, frequently the third movement of a symphony, sonata, or string quartet; also, in the Baroque era (c. 1600 - c. 1750), a light vocal or instrumental piece (e.g., the Scherzi musicali of Claudio Monteverdi, 1607), and, in the 19th century, an independent orchestral composition. In symphonies, sonatas, and string quartets of the 19th century, the scherzo replaced the 18th-century minuet. Unlike the

Percheron

2005-01-13T18:25:00.000-08:00

Heavy draft-horse breed that originated in the Perche region of France. The breed probably stems from the Flemish �great horse� of the Middle Ages; modified by Oriental blood to develop a coach-horse type, it was changed again in the 19th century by introduction of draft-type blood to produce animals for heavy farm work. Although a few Percherons were imported earlier,

Mahakala

2005-01-12T04:19:00.000-08:00

In Tibetan Buddhism, one of the eight fierce protective deities. See dharmapala.

Baptistery

2005-01-11T18:40:00.000-08:00

Hall or chapel situated close to, or connected with, a church, in which the sacrament of baptism is administered. The form of the baptistery originally evolved from small, circular Roman buildings that were designated for religious purposes (e.g., the Temple of Venus, Baalbek, Lebanon, AD 273, and the Mausoleum of Diocletian, Spalato [Split, Croatia], AD 300); but because baptism originally

Ribera, Jos� De

2005-01-09T02:44:00.000-08:00

He was born in Spain but spent most of his life in Italy. Little is known of his life in Spain, though he is said by the painter and biographer Antonio Palomino to have received his

Byron, John

2005-01-08T01:47:00.000-08:00

The second son of the 4th Baron Byron, he was a midshipman on board the Wager in 1741 when it was wrecked off the coast of Chile during George Anson's voyage round the world. After unparalleled hardships Byron eventually reached

Wainwright

2005-01-07T02:07:00.000-08:00

Town, east-central Alberta, Canada. It lies 129 miles (208 km) southeast of Edmonton. Founded as Denwood in about 1905, it was renamed to honour William Wainwright, a Grand Trunk Pacific Railway vice president, after the arrival of the railroad in 1909. The town is located in a mixed-farming area, but its economic base changed following the discovery of oil and gas in the region in 1929. The area

Lignin

2005-01-06T14:38:00.000-08:00

Complex oxygen-containing organic substance that, with cellulose, forms the chief constituent of wood. It is second only to cellulose as the most abundant organic material on Earth, though it has found relatively few industrial uses other than as a fuel. It is a mixture of complex, apparently polymeric compounds of poorly known structure. Lignin is concentrated

Algebra, The structural approach dominates

2005-01-05T00:22:00.000-08:00

After the late 1930s it was clear that algebra, and in particular the structural approach within it, had become one of the most dynamic areas of research in mathematics. Structural methods, results, and concepts were actively pursued by algebraists in Germany, France, the United States, Japan, and elsewhere. The structural approach was also successfully applied to redefine

Enugu

2005-01-04T17:02:00.000-08:00

Town, capital of Enugu state, south-central Nigeria, at the foot of the Udi Plateau. It is on the railroad from Port Harcourt, 150 miles (240 km) south-southwest, and at the intersection of roads from Aba, Onitsha, and Abakaliki. The town owes its existence to the discovery of coal on the plateau in 1909, which led to the building of Port Harcourt. With the completion of the railway from the

Epistemology, Relations of ideas and matters of fact

2005-01-03T21:26:00.000-08:00

Human thought concerns two kinds of things: relations of ideas and matters of fact. Relations of ideas can either be intuited, that is, seen directly, or deduced from other propositions. That a is identical with a, that b resembles c, and that d is larger than e are examples of propositions that are intuited. The opposites of true propositions expressing relations of ideas

Venezuela

2005-01-02T15:34:00.000-08:00

Officially �Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, �Spanish �Rep�blica Bolivariana de Venezuela� country located at the northern end of South America. It occupies a roughly triangular area of 352,144 square miles (912,050 square km) - larger than the combined areas of France and Germany. Venezuela is bounded by the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean to the north, Guyana to the east, Brazil to the south, and Colombia to the southwest and west. The national capital, Caracas, is Venezuela's

Saraikela

2005-01-01T16:50:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �Seraikela� city, southern Bihar state, northeastern India. The city is a road and agricultural-trade centre located on an undulating plain with copper, iron-ore, asbestos, and limestone deposits. Saraikela was the capital of a former princely state that was founded by Bikram Singh of the Porahat Raj family in the 17th century. It was a sanad (grant) state of the Chota Nagpur Commission

Bradford, William

2004-12-31T23:15:00.000-08:00

He was a Quaker and a self-taught artist, painting the ships and the marine views he saw along the coasts of Massachusetts, Labrador, and Nova Scotia; he went on several Arctic expeditions with Isaac Hayes and was the first

Gulbransson, Olaf

2004-12-30T13:56:00.000-08:00

Gulbransson studied at the Royal Norwegian Drawing School and worked for several Norwegian newspapers. After a visit to Paris in 1900, he returned to Oslo,

France, History Of, The partitioning of the Carolingian empire

2004-12-29T18:51:00.000-08:00

After the death of Louis I the Pious (840), his sons continued their plotting to alter the succession. Louis II the German and Charles II the Bald affirmed their alliance against Lothair I (Oath of Strasbourg, 842).

Malamud, Bernard

2004-12-28T17:10:00.000-08:00

His first novel, The Natural (1952), is a fable

Arzawa

2004-12-27T01:04:00.000-08:00

Ancient kingdom of western or southwestern Anatolia (its exact location is disputed). Although Arzawa was for long periods a rival of the Hittite kingdom, it was occasionally conquered and made a vassal by some of the more powerful Hittite kings, such as Labarnas I (c. 1680 - c. 1650 BC). During the period of Hittite decline after the end of the Old Kingdom (c. 1500 BC), Arzawa's power and prominence

Shamanism

2004-12-25T21:52:00.000-08:00

The residues of shamanism may be found among peoples who have been converted to religions of a later stage of culture - e.g., Finno-Ugric peoples who became Christians, Turkic peoples in Central Asia and Asia Minor who became Muslim, and Mongols who became Buddhists. Among the Finns, the tiet�j�, a figure equivalent to the shaman, also is born with one more tooth than normal.

Alembert, Jean Le Rond D'

2004-12-24T07:54:00.000-08:00

Posterity has not confirmed the judgment of those contemporaries who placed d'Alembert's reputation next to Voltaire's. In spite of his original contributions to the mathematical sciences, intellectual timidity prevented his literary and philosophical work from attaining true greatness. Nevertheless, his scientific background enabled him to elaborate

Murcia

2004-12-23T18:39:00.000-08:00

City, capital of Murcia provincia and comunidad aut�noma (�autonomous community�), southeastern Spain. It lies at the confluence of the Segura and Guadalent�n (Sangonera) rivers in a fertile, irrigated area known as the huerta (orchard land), northeast of Granada city. The site was settled before the Roman occupation of southern Spain in the 3rd century BC, but its name even

Yung-lo Ta-tien

2004-12-22T16:01:00.000-08:00

Pinyin �Yongluo Dadien� (Chinese: �The Great Canon [or Vast Documents] of the Yung-lo Era�), Chinese compilation that was the world's largest known encyclopaedia. Compiled by thousands of Chinese scholars under the direction of the Yung-lo emperor (reigned 1402 - 24), it was completed in 1407. The work contained 22,877 manuscript rolls, or chapters, in 11,095 volumes and was designed to include all that had ever been written

Kitami-sammyaku

2004-12-21T15:33:00.000-08:00

(Japanese: Kitami Range), mountain range, northeastern Hokkaido, Japan, extending 180 mi (290 km) along the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk. The range is basically an upwarped block except in the west, where it drops abruptly to the Teshio-gawa (Teshio River) valley. Elevations are generally between 2,500 and 3,100 ft (750 and 950 m). In the south central part of the range, however, the Wenshiri horst (block of

Dowding, Hugh Caswall Tremenheere Dowding, 1st Baron

2004-12-20T14:03:00.000-08:00

A squadron commander in the Royal Flying Corps

Apology Of The Augsburg Confession

2004-12-19T09:39:00.000-08:00

One of the confessions of Lutheranism, a defense and elaboration of the Augsburg Confession, written by the Reformer Philipp Melanchthon in 1531. The first version of the Apology was hastily written and presented to Emperor Charles V on Sept. 22, 1530, at the Diet of Augsburg, after the Emperor had declared that the Confutation (Aug. 3, 1530), prepared by Catholic theologians to refute the

Arishtanemi

2004-12-18T09:41:00.000-08:00

While the last two Tirthanakaras may be considered historical personages, Arishtanemi is a legendary figure. Said to have lived 84,000 years before the coming of the next Tirthankara, Parshvanatha, he is believed to have been the contemporary and cousin of the Hindu god Krishna

Economics

2004-12-17T23:17:00.000-08:00

Social science that seeks to analyze and describe the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth.

Nephroblastoma

2004-12-16T06:10:00.000-08:00

Also called �embryoma�, or �Wilms' tumour� malignant renal (kidney) tumour of early childhood. In 75 percent of the cases, the tumour grows before the age of five; about two-thirds of the instances are apparent by two years of age. The tumour grows rapidly and can approach the weight of the rest of the body. It rarely appears in adults. In its early stages the nephroblastoma causes no symptoms. Later, symptoms may indicate

Cellarette

2004-12-15T17:14:00.000-08:00

Small, movable wine cooler and, later, also a deep, metal-lined tray with compartments for holding bottles in a sideboard. The term was first used by 18th-century cabinetmakers. Most movable cellarettes were made of mahogany, and designs were varied, the shape governed to some degree by the shapes of wine bottles. Early wine bottles were short and squat, but in the late 18th

Yobe

2004-12-14T14:38:00.000-08:00

Yobe's terrain consists of plains that are drained by the seasonal Komadugu Yobe River and its tributaries in the north and by the Gongola

Hawkshaw, Sir John

2004-12-13T11:59:00.000-08:00

In 1845 Hawkshaw became chief engineer of the Manchester and Leeds Railway, introducing steeper gradients than any previously

Zambezi River, Plant life

2004-12-12T09:16:00.000-08:00

The vegetation along the upper and middle course of the Zambezi is predominantly savanna, with deciduous trees, grass, and open woodland. Mopane woodland (Colophospermum mopane) is predominant on the alluvial flats of the low-lying river valleys and is highly susceptible to fire. Grass, when present, is typically short and sparse. Forestland with species of the genus

Nepheline

2004-12-10T06:39:00.000-08:00

Also called �nephelite�, or �eleolite� the most common feldspathoid mineral, an aluminosilicate of sodium and potassium (Na3KAl4Si4O16). It is sometimes used as a substitute for feldspars in the manufacture of glass and ceramics. Nepheline is the characteristic mineral of alkaline plutonic rocks, particularly nephelinesyenites and nephelinegneisses. It occurs in beautiful crystal form with mica, garnet,

Henderson, (james) Fletcher

2004-12-09T03:04:00.000-08:00

Like Duke Ellington, he was untypical of his black contemporaries in being conventionally educated, having majored in chemistry and mathematics at Atlanta University, Ga. On arrival in New York City in 1920 for graduate work, he drifted into professional music and became a bandleader

Electrical And Electronics Engineering

2004-12-08T17:54:00.000-08:00

Electrical phenomena attracted the attention of European thinkers as early as the 17th century. Beginning as a mathematically oriented science, the field has remained primarily in that form; mathematical predication often precedes laboratory demonstration. The most noteworthy pioneers include Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert and Georg Simon Ohm of Germany, Hans Christian

Electrical And Electronics Engineering

2004-12-07T01:14:00.000-08:00

Plant, Principal pathways and cycles

2004-12-06T16:01:00.000-08:00

The 6-carbon sugar glucose, a product of photosynthesis, may be translocated in the form of sucrose (a 12-carbon sugar) to nourish nonphotosynthesizing parts of the plant, or it may be polymerized into starch for storage. (Trehalose, another 12-carbon sugar, replaces sucrose in some nonvascular plants.) When required, sucrose and starch are hydrolyzed to glucose and then enter

Plant, Principal pathways and cycles

2004-12-05T00:26:00.000-08:00

The Malabar spiny tree mouse (Platacanthomys lasiurus) lives only in the old-growth rainforests of southwestern India. Nocturnal and arboreal, it builds nests in tree cavities and eats fruits and nuts. The animal is named for its flat, grooved spines

Newhouse, Theodore ("ted")

2004-12-04T09:04:00.000-08:00

American publisher who with his brothers founded a publishing empire that grew to comprise such holdings as 26 newspapers, the Cond� Nast magazine group, business journals, and cable television systems (b. July 19, 1903, Bayonne, N.J.--d. Nov. 28, 1998, New York, N.Y.).